Family Law Answers to Problem Questions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2628 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Family Essay Did you like this example? Family Law Introduction The law of divorce is governed under the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 where it provides the sole ground for divorce, namely that the marriage between Jason and Sandra has broken down irretrievably.[1] Nevertheless, in order to establish irretrievable breakdown, Jason will have to show that one of the five facts listed in section 1(2) of the MCA 1973 has been established on proof (Richards v Richards)[2]. Meanwhile, it is notably that the court in England and Wales is given a wide power in determining the arrangement of children between the Jason and Sandra. Since Jason and Sandra are married, they both have parental responsibility for Joyce and Tom[3]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Family Law Answers to Problem Questions" essay for you Create order Their parent responsibilities will not be terminated even if the court grants them a decree of divorce. By virtue of CA 1989, the focus is on the welfares of the children[4] and thus the welfare checklist set out in section 1(3) of CA 1989 will be taken into account by the court in deciding whether to grant share residence to Jason and Sandra and to limit Sandraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contact with Joyce and Tom. Divorce between Jason and Sandra Since the marriage between Jason and Sandra has lasted seven years, Jason is not restricted by the absolute bar on the presenting of petition for divorce within one year of marriage imposed by section 3(1) of the MCA 1973. Jason is allowed to petition for divorce if he is able to establish one of the five facts set out in section 1(2) of the MCA 1973. Adultery and Intolerability: section 1(2)(a) The first possible fact that Jason would rely on is that if adultery and intolerability contained in section 1(2)(a) of MCA 1973. In order to successful in this claim, Jason would have to show that Sandra has committed adultery and he finds it intolerable with her. In Dennis v Dennis[5], adultery is defined as a voluntary act of sexual intercourse between Sandra and another person who is of the opposite sex. On the fact, Jasonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brother saw Sandra and Craig having dinner at a local restaurant and then leaving the restaurant together late at night, holding hands and getting into the car. According to Sapsford v Sapsford[6], It is unlikely that this incident is sufficient to constitute a ground of adultery as there is no evidence of sexual intercourse between Sandra and Craig. However, following the case of Farnham v Farnham[7], Jason would want to raise a rebuttable presumption that Sandra has committed sexual intercourse with Craig by using the circumstantial evidence of inclination and opportunity. However, it is unlikely this claim will be successful as the circumstances does not in any sense suggest th at Sandra and Craig have indulged in sexual intercourse. Further, it must be noted that, adultery is a serious accusation to make and thus the courts have always insisted on strong evidence to allow such accusation.[8] Even if adultery can be established, Jason would have to show that he finds it intolerable to live with Sandra while the intolerability need not follow from Sandraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s adultery (Clearly v Clealy)[9]. According to Goodrich v Goodrich[10], the intolerability test is to be accessed subjectively and thus Jason could rely on the fact that he cannot cope with Sandraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s increasingly volatile behaviour and claims that it is intolerable to live with Sandra. Unreasonable Behaviour: section 1(2)(b) A more realistic option for Jason is section 1(2)(b) of MCA 1973, where it provides that Jason can rely on the ground of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"unreasonable behaviourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ if he can establish that Sandraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviour is such that it is unreasonable for him to continue living with her. According to Livingstone- Stallard[11], the focus is not on the gravity of the behaviour per se but on its impact on Jason. Following Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Neill v Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Neill[12], the test under s.1(2) is to be accessed both objectively and subjectively, the objective aspect concerns whether Jason is reasonably expected to stay with Sandra , while the subjective part takes into account the personalities of Jason and Sandra. Since we are told that Sandraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviour becomes increasingly volatile, the chance that Jason will succeed in this claim would increase. It is likely that Sandraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unreasonable behaviour can be established, it is then necessary to look at the character of Jason and Sandra and decide whether they can be expected to stay together reasonably (Ash v Ash)[13]. It can be pointed out that Sandra is having an adulterous relationship with Craig and this it might not be reasonable to expect Jason to live with her. At this point, it is arguable that the court will grant a decree of divorce on the ground of s.1(2)(b) based on Sandraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviour that makes Jason cannot be reasonably expected to stay with her. Arrangements in relation with Joyce and Tom By virtue of section 2(1) of CA 1989, both Jason and Sandra owe parent responsibilities toward Joyce and Tom. Such responsibility is defined in section 3(1) as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"all rights, duties, powers and responsibilities and authority which by law a parent of a child has in relation to the child and its propertyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This right continue even after Jason and Sandra divorce. Nevertheless, under section 1(5) if CA 1989, Jason and Sandra are required to file a statement of arrangements for the children, detailing the measures that have been resolved between them and also the unresolved issues. On the facts, there are two issues to be considered in regards wit h Joyce and Tom: who should the children stay with and the extent of Sandraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contact with the children. In regards with these unresolved issues, the court is able to make the child arrangements order under section 12 of the Children and Families Act 2014 which replaces the orders previously knowns as residence orders and contact orders contained in section 8 of Children Act 1989. The change of terminology supposed to move away from emphasis of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"residentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-residentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ parent and shift the focus onto the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s welfare[14]. In the other words, the court will take into account the welfare checklist set out in section 1(3) of the CA 1989. The Welfare checklist includes the ascertainable wishes feelings of Joyce and Tom; their physical, emotional and educational needs; the likely effect on Joyce and Tom in their circumstances; Joyce and Tomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ages, sex, backgroun ds and other relevant characteristics; any harm which they have suffered or are at risk of suffering; and how capable Jason and Sandra and Craig are meeting Joyce and Tomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs. We are told that Joyce is five years old and Tom is at an age of three. They are still young and might not be able to express their true wishes and feelings with regards to the issue of residence and contact and thus it is unlikely that the court will give weight to their wishes (Stewart v Stewart)[15]. In regards with their needs, even though there no presumption that a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s emotional and physical needs are best met by the mother, the case law has showed a preference for keeping young children with their mother [Re S (a minor) (Custody)][16]. However, in Re H (A Minor)[17], it was held that the time has changed and that many fathers were as capable as mother of looking after small children and this may lead to a decision that in favour of Jason. Further, the facts t hat Sandra is under depression and her plan to move in with Craig, who is also has anger management issues will be taken into consideration under section 1(3)(e) by the court. Lastly, the capabilities of Jason and Sandra in meeting Joyce and Tomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs will be considered as well. Here, it is likely that Jason would have a good chance of obtaining a residence order as the facts that Sandra and Craig is starting a new relationship and there is no evidence that Craig seems to fit the stereotype of the replacement father. However, even if the court grants a residence order in favour of Jason, the parental responsibility of Sandra towards Joyce and Tom will not be terminated. According to Re R (A Minor)(Contact), Sandra will be granted a generous contact with Joyce and Tom because the court is on the view that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"it is a right of a child to have a relationship with both parents wherever possibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[18] The fact that both Sandra and Craig a re under anger management course will deny Jasonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim that Sandra has a mental condition that makes her inappropriate to be in contact with Joyce and Tom. (1500 words) Part 2 Introduction In 1956, the concept of no-fault divorce was first put forward by the Morton Commission in their report on the basis that the divorce law prior to that date has encouraged acrimony between the parties.[19] Such approach was taken by a series of Law Commission reports and led to the Introduction of Divorce Act 1969, which was later consolidated to the legal provision in use today, namely the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973. Section 1(1) of MCA 1973 provides that irretrievable breakdown of marriage is the only ground for divorce and this can only be established if one of the five facts listed in section 1(2) of the MCA 1973. There are two no fault facts that can be relied to establish divorce, namely the two yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ separation with the respondentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ â„ ¢s consent to the divorce [section 1(2)(d)] and the five yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ separation [section 1(2)(e)]. However, the facts that the number of petition under these no-fault facts are much lesser than the fault facts of adultery [section 1(2)(a)] and unreasonable behaviour [section 1(2)(b)] raises a question that whether the law of divorce in England and Wales can really be described as one of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"no-faultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢? This essay will argue that identifying who is at à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"faultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is still very much a feature of the divorce system in Wales and such element can be proved decisive in determining issues such as division of financial assets, child contact and residence. Such approach was also put forward by John Eekelaar that the law that the current law of divorce is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"deeply corrupting by the law itselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as the individuals are prevented from accessing to their legal rights conferred on them by law.[20] Application of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"no-faultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ divorce In order to obtain a speedy divorce, it is more likely that the parties to a relationship would be more willing to rely on fault- based divorce. The courts have taken a strict approach in allowing a non-fault divorce and the degree of separation does not limit to the normal notion of physical contact but it also involves mental element. For instance, in Mouncer v Mouncer, regardless the facts that the parties were slept in separate bedrooms, it was held that they were living apart as they continued to spend time with their children together.[21] At this point, it can be concluded that the law has failed to provide an effective method of no-fault divorce and this forces the party to a relationship to initiate a divorce claim by alleging fault on the part of the other party. In the other words, the law has failed to fulfil its original objective that to enable the parties of a marriage to end their relationship with minimum bitterness and hostility. Fault remains as an important exists that dominate the law of divorce in England and Wales today. Despite its decisive role in establishing a ground for divorce, the courts have also emphasised à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"faultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of the parties in determining the consequences of a relationship breakdown. Division of financial assets and Child contact and residence According to Thorpe J in Dart v Dart, the court are given wide discretion to make orders which suits the needs of individual cases, albeit guided by the various factors set out in the statutory framework. With regards to the financial distribution on marriage breakdown, section 25(1) of the MCA 1973 required the court to take into account to all circumstance of the case, whereby section 25(2)(g) provides that the conduct of the parties is one of the factors that should be considered. Even though, it is arguably that the introduction of no-fault divorce by MCA 1973 reduced the significance of fault in determining the distribution of property, but by reviewing the case law, the outcome of the reform is somehow disappointing. In K v K, the court held that the husband was not entitled to his wifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets due to the facts that he had sexually abused his wifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s grandchildren.[22] Also, in H v H (Financial Relief: Attempted Murder as conduct), the wife was given a greater priority in the financial distribution because the husband had attacker her with knives and was convicted of attempted murder.[23] It is apparent that the fact that a spouse has behaved very badly will inevitably affect his or her entitlement to a greater priority in the financial distribution, and this encourages further animosity between the parties. As a result, section 25(2)(g) was highly criticised as it undermines the aim of the law to remove incentive to make allegations of fault in order to divorce peacefully. On the other hand, it must be noted t hat, by virtue of section 2(1) of Children Act 1989, the parental responsibility of the parties remains even after divorce. In determining the issue in relation to child contact and residence, the welfare checklist set out in section 1(3) of CA 1989 plays a prominent role in the decision making. Within the checklist, there is no reference to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"faultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ element at the part of the parents, but the courts are tend to grant the relevant order in favour of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"innocentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ parent with the conception that it will be the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s best interest not to stay or even in contact with the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"faultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ parent, particularly in the cases of domestic violence. Conclusion In conclusion, it is undeniably that the approach to divorce in England and Wales cannot be described as one of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"no-faultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"faultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ element is still playi ng a prominent role in relation with the issues of divorce and its consequences. Nevertheless, we are not arguing a reform towards a purely no-fault divorce because, as according to Deech, this will give too much freedom to the individual and give them a wrongful thought that divorce something can be obtained easily.[24] Instead, we are saying that the system of divorce should be balanced between a mixed mechanism with both à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"faultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"no-faultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ground for divorce[25] but not letting the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"faultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ feature dominate the whole system alone. (1041 words) Bibliography Table of Cases Ash v Ash [1972] 1 All ER 582 Clearly v Clealy [1974] 1 All ER 498 Dennis v Dennis [1955] P 153 Farnham v Farnham [1925] 133 LT 320 Goodrich v Goodrich [1971] 2 All ER 1340 H (A Minor), Re (1980) 2 FLR 253 H v H (Financial Relief: Attempted Murder as conduct) [2006] 1 FLR 990 K v K [2010] EWCA Civ 125 Livingstone- Stallard v Livingstone- Stallard [1974] Fam 47 Mouncer v Mouncer [1972] 115 SJ 327 Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Neill v Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Neill [1975] 1 WLR 1118 R (A Minor)(Contact), Re [1993] 2 FLR 762 Richards v Richards [1972] WLR 1073 S (a minor) (Custody), Re [1991] 2 FLR 388 Sapsford v Sapsford [1954] P 394 Serio v Serio (1983) 4 FLR 756 Stewart v Stewart [1973] 1 Fam 107 Table of Legislation Children Act 1989, s.1 Children Act 1989, s.2 Children Act 1989, s.3 Children Act 1989, s.8 Children and Families Act 2014, s.12 Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, s. 1 Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, s. 3 Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, s. 25 Secondary Sources Books Gilmore S and Glennon L, Hayes and Williamsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Family Law (4th edn, OUP 2014) Articles Deech R, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Divorce- A Disaster?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2009] FLR 1048 Eekelaar J, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Family Law- Keeping us à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“On Messageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [1999] CFLQ 387 Law Commission, Family Law: The Ground for Divorce (Law Com No 192) [1] Matrimonial Causes Act, s.1(1). [2] [1972] WLR 1073. [3] Children Act 1989, s.2(1). [4] Ibid, s.1. [5] [1955] P 153. [6] [1954] P 394. [7] [1925] 133 LT 320. [8] Serio v Serio (1983) 4 FLR 756. [9] [1974] 1 All ER 498. [10] [1971] 2 All ER 1340. [11] [1974] Fam 47. [12] [1975] 1 WLR 1118. [13] [1972] 1 All ER 582. [14] Children Act 1989, s.1(1). [15] [1973] 1 Fam 107. [16] [1991] 2 FLR 388. [17] (1980) 2 FLR 253. [18] [1993] 2 FLR 762, Butler- Sloss LJ. [19] Royal Commission on Marriage and Divorce (Cmd 9878, 1956). [20] John Eekelaar, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Family Law- Keeping us à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“On Messageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [1999] CFLQ 387. [21] [1972] 115 SJ 327. [22] [2010] EWCA Civ 125. [23] [2006] 1 FLR 990. [24] Ruth Deech, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Divorce- A Disaster?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2009] FLR 1048. [25] Law Commission, Family Law: The Ground for Divorce (Law Com No 192).

The Telephone, Lewis Carroll - 2226 Words

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Why I Own A Computer Free Essays

Computers are capable of doing more things every year. There are many advantages to knowing how to use a computer, and it is important that everyone know how to use them properly. Using the information I have gathered, and my own knowledge from my 12 years of computer experience, I will explain the many advantages of owning a computer and how they important they are in your everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Own A Computer or any similar topic only for you Order Now I hope this helps others understand why computers and the Internet are so important to have access to. Webster’s New World Compact Dictionary defines a computer as â€Å"an electronic machine that performs rapid, complex calculations or compiles and correlates data† (Computer, 1995, p. 226). While this definition gives one a very narrow view of what a computer is capable of doing, it does describe the basic ideas of what I will expand upon. We have been living through an age of computers for a short while now, and there are already many people worldwide that are computer literate. According to Using Computers: A Gateway to Information World Wide Web Edition, over 250 million Personal Computers (PC’s) were in use by 1995, and one out of every three homes had a PC (Shelly, Cashman, Waggoner, 1996,p138). Computers are easy to use when you know how they work and what the parts are. All computers perform the four basic operations of the information processing cycle: input, process, output, and storage. Data, any kind of raw facts, is required for the processing cycle to occur. Data is processed into useful information by the computer hardware. Most computer systems consist of a monitor, a system unit which contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU), a floppy-disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, speakers, a keyboard, a mouse, and a printer. Each component takes a part in one of the four operations. 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Information can be sent over the Internet through communication lines in the form of graphics, sound, video, animation, and text. These forms of computer media are known as hypermedia. Hypermedia is accessed through hypertext links, which are pointers to the computer where the hypermedia is stored. The World Wide Web (WWW) is the collection of these hypertext links throughout the Internet. Each computer that contains hypermedia on the WWW is known as a Web site and has Web pages set up for users to access the hypermedia. Browsers such as Netscape allow me to â€Å"surf the net† and search for the hypermedia of their choice. I have found millions of examples of hypermedia on the Internet. While surfing I also found art, photos, information on business, the government, and colleges, television schedules, movie reviews, music lyrics, online news and magazines, sport sights of all kinds, games, books, and thousands of other hypermedia on the WWW. Through the Internet I can use, electronic mail (E-Mail), chat with other users around the world, buy airline, sports, and music tickets, and shop for a house or a car. All of this, and more, provides me with a limitless supply of information for research, business, entertainment, or other personal use. Online services such as America Online, Prodigy, or CompuServe make it even easier to access the power of the Internet. The Internet alone is almost reason enough to become computer literate, but there is still much more that computers can do. One of my favorite reasons for having a computer is for playing video games. With a PC you can play card games, simulation games, sport games, strategy games, fighting games, and adventure games. Today’s technology provides the ultimate experiences in color, graphics, sound, music, full motion video, animation, and 3D effects. Computers have also become increasingly useful in the music, film, and television industry. I have used my computer to compose music, create sound effects, create special effects, and create 3D life-like animation. I haven t done this but I know its possible to edit previous existing movie and TV footage into new programs, as seen in the movie Forrest Gump. All this and more can be done with computers. I feel that there is truly no time like the present to become computer literate. Computers will be doing even more things in the future and will become unavoidable. Purchasing and learning about a new PC now will help put PC’s into the other two-thirds of the homes worldwide and make the transition into a computer age easier. I believe everyone should own a computer regardless of age. The time is now, and the future is here. How to cite Why I Own A Computer, Essay examples

Business Law IRAC Method - Get a Complete Solution

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Lawfor IRAC Method. Answer: Issue Whether Barry can successfully sue the hiring firm for damages or not? Rule Australian Contract Law and Consumer Law Application Exclusion clause has been regarded as the clause which was frequently printed down and which states that one party to the agreement would not be accountable for some accomplishments. The said clause would be applicable as protracted as they have been appropriately incorporated in the agreement and were not opposing to the rule (Legal Services Commission of South Australia, 2016). As it has been mentioned briefly that in order to be valid an exclusion clause must be: Accurately has been included in the agreement by way of a note; if the section narrates to carelessness, it would be entirely apparent, etc. In the matter of Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd (1971) 1 All ER 686 it was affirmed that if the exclusion clause was only brought to the notice of the buyer after the procurement then it would not be applicable. To be official in this matter, the exclusion clause should have been on the sign board which the driver would have seen before buying the tickets (Dangelo Legal, 2014). In the matter of Curtis v Chemical Cleaning Co [1951] 1 KB 805 it was concluded that the cleaners have no right to break away from the accountability for the hurt which has been caused to the fabric of the clothing by depending upon the exclusion section because its extent had been tainted by the respondents supporter (Law Teacher, 2016). In the another case of Parker v South Eastern Railway (1877) 2 CPD 416 it was upheld that if an individual who established that he did not see the receipt or did not know that there was any letters printed on the receipt then he was not bound by the stipulations which has been mentioned. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that Barry can claim for the damages by suing the hiring firm which had caused personal injury to him based on the observation in the case of Thornton. References Dangelo Legal. (2014). Validity of Exclusion Clauses in Contract Law. Retrieved on 16th October2016 from: https://www.dangelolegal.com.au/news/validity-exclusion-clauses-contract-law/ Law Teacher. (2016). Exclusion Clause Cases. Retrieved on 16th October2016 from: https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/contract-law/exclusion-clauses-cases.php Legal Services Commission of South Australia. (2016). Exclusion Clauses. Retrieved on 16th October2016 from: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s02s06.php

Lessons of Wisdom

Contingency - The Relationship Between Behavior and Reinforcement

Contingency - The Relationship Between Behavior and Reinforcement Definition: Contingency is the relationship between two events, one being contingent or a consequence of the other event. Behaviorism (ABA) sees all behavior as a response to an antecedent and driven by the consequences. All behaviors have a consequence, even if that relationship is not very clear either to the observer or the student who may be the focus of an intervention, either behavioral or instructional. The goal of an Applied Behavior Analysis intervention is to change behavior. It may be to increase the desired behavior, to replace a problematic behavior or to extinguish a dangerous or difficult behavior. In order to increase the desired behavior, the student needs to know that receiving reinforcement is directly related to the behavior, or contingent on the behavior. This relationship of contingency is incredibly important to the success of an Applied Behavior Analysis program. The success of establishing contingency requires quick reinforcement, clear communication, and consistency. Students who dont receive immediate reinforcement, or are not clear about the relationship of contingency, will not be as successful as those children who clearly understand the relationship or contingency. Examples: It took a while for the team at Jonathons school to help him understand the contingency between his behavior and receiving reinforcement, so they repeated a simple imitation program with direct, one to one reinforcement until he would comply regularly.

Case study on operating police department Research Paper

Case study on operating police department - Research Paper Example The history of Maryland Transportation Authority Police is long, enduring, and reputable. However, due to description of the agency, demographics of the community, and the description of the management philosophy, it has issues that mildly deteriorate its services. As such, this case study will seek to describe how the history of this agency contributes to the current and rising problems. In the recent years, Maryland Transportation Authority Police assumed the responsibility of availing law enforcement at the port of Baltimore and the Locust Point Marine Terminals, which happen to be very sensitive areas of jurisdiction. Its growth to encompass such highly futile points bore the agency some challenges. Cognitively, the organization and management of this agency requires some amendments in order to facilitate its work towards improvements (Holtzman, 2006). The demographics differences between the agency and the department need implementable strategies that can make it more reflective of the community. Its culture contributes to some of the challenges it is currently experiencing. With that respect, this case study will describe what this agency can do to create change in this area, provide an analysis of crime statistics, and discuss any possible solutions to these challenges presented in this case study. The state legislation of Maryland founded the Maryland Transportation Authority Police department in 1971. It jetted the law enforcement industry as a fully commissioned police force with full authority all over the state of Maryland. This agency investigates all state law, county, and city code violations happening within Maryland Transportation Authority vehicles, facilities, stations, and property (Bumgarner, 2004). According to the history of this agency, Maryland Transportation Authority Police department is unique, as it is the only one of

Parenting today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Parenting today - Essay Example nal and emotional changes in his life, he is moving towards independence, a concrete thinker and sensitive to criticisms as stated by Military and Life Consultants (n.d.). To understand him more, you must spend more time with each other. Try activities that would enhance your father-son relationship like playing ball games and going outdoors which would not demand a lot of cash. Find time and spend time despite the work schedule. As much as possible, spend your meal time together, Jonathan is the only one you have at this time and you are the only one he has at home. Aside from spending time together, you can teach him responsibility and discipline by setting rules and consequences. However, you must let him participate in setting the rules in the house. Listen to him, this is very much important. Your rules must include him doing homework regularly, observing curfew time, watch up late only allowed during weekends and keeping his room tidy. After setting the rules, set the consequences and make sure that these penalties should be firm and be strictly imposed by you. If rules are not followed, there would be less time on the television, weekend indoors and more chores to be done. These should de firm and non-negotiable. If you see him doing well and becoming responsible and disciplined, do not forget to appreciate what he is doing and give him rewards he deserve. You can also learn how to achieve discipline of Jonathan by visiting and learning through the Positive Discipline site, http://www.positivediscipline.com/. They offer help via books and DVD’s. You can also attend their workshops about teaching parents the positive discipline way. You can see the schedules and venues of their workshops online. This site and their products would be a great help to you and Jonathan. They offer many ways to effectively discipline your child. May this letter provide you thoughts and ways regarding you r problem with Jonathan. I hope to hear many good things in the next few

Alcoholics Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alcoholics - Dissertation Example They might smash a bar stool on your head, for example, which could cause a serious head injury. If you are a student, drinking alcohol can lead to serious academic problems. It is harder to study well when you are a hungover. Your grades are likely to decline and your classmates are likely to lose respect for you. You may even engage in risky sexual behaviour that might have long term consequences for you. The problem for students is that the temptations are everywhere. Campuses are full of bars and there is a real culture of binge drinking. It is important to be true to yourself and avoid situations that call for excessive drinking—for example, a keg stand party. We need to find out why people become alcoholics. If we can find a reason for this we can begin to solve the problem and treat people who have this serious problem. 3. Literature Review There are numerous books on this subject which can be of use. Among these books are Hedblom (2007) which provides a good overview o f the subject and how alcoholics recovery from the problem. Another useful book is O'Farrell (2006) which looks at how couples deal with alcoholism. These books, among others, can help put the issue in perspective and provide some real insight. A number of other useful sources on addictive personality are as follows: Engs, Ruth C. "The Addictive Process and Addictive Behaviors." Addictive Behaviors. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 March 2010 Mason, Stephen, Ph.D. Rev. of The Addictive Personality. Psychology Today. N.p., 14 March 2009. 4. Hypothesis My hypothesis is that alcoholism is a product of an addictive personality. Different types of personalities react differently to stimuli. We need to find out why people become alcoholics. We need to see if there is something about their personality that leads to them becoming alcoholic. This research will enlighten us. An operational definition that will asssist us in this matter is a definition of alcoholic. The definition we will be using is someon e who drinks five or more units of alcohol per day. 5. Research method I will begin with an examination of both primary and secondary research. Statistical information will be compiled by using libraries and the internet. The main source of findings will be participant observation. I will visit with alcoholics and observe their activities to determine if the hypothesis is correct. I will try not to be intrusive as I live side by side with the alcoholics and examine their behaviour and activities. I will also use some surveying and sampling. Sampling will be conducted through the collection of e-mail addresses from a rehabilitation centre and empirical surveys conducted via email. This will be an important tool of data collection. In conducting this research, the e-mail addresses will come from sources that are alcoholic. In addition, e-mail addresses will be obtained through a web page designed to attract people who have addictive personalities. These web addresses will be linked fr om various resources that will allow a link to the address. An ideal sample size of 100 respondents will be expected in order to conduct the research. This type of sampling is know as non-probability sampling. According to Trochim (2006), non-probability sampling describes the unlikely event that will occur when a sample is taken when there is not an equal possibility for all who are concerned to be chosen. Because of

Impact of Social Media On Graphic Designers

Impact of Social Media On Graphic Designers The emergence and popularity of online social networks in recent years has changed the Internet ecosystem leading to a more collaborative environment. Nowadays, hundreds of millions of Internet users participate in social networks, form communities, produce and consume media content in revolutionary ways Introduction The internet is basically about people but it is recently seen differently in comparatively terms. Currently, the transformation that is tossing both the worldwide web and the numerous markets that depend and feed on it is possibly in economic terms a correction that is forcing it into being a web of people or a community that utilise websites as communication channels to interact with other people (Fraser Dutta, 2010). In view of this, the composition of the internet has been taking over by web 2.0. Social media can be described as a vehicle for the sharing and cooperative creation of information by individuals and communities (Hansen et al 2010). It particularly depicts online communication tools and applications. Features of a social media platform may include: Collaboration it promote interaction and contribution by audience. It provides an alternative way of transmitting information. Thus, social media tools particularly promote and support feedback, comments, and sharing of information. Community social media furnishes an infrastructure for interaction among existing communities and the formation and interaction of primarily or exclusively web-based communities around common interests or goals. Connectedness social media helps to connect people and information in one place. Web 2.0 is often talked about in the same breath as social media. Web 2.0 is a term that is used to define the evolution of the World Wide Web. While there isnt a hard and fast line between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0, Web 1.0 can be understood to represent a web as information model and Web 2.0 to represent a web as participation model of web activity (Cormode Krishnamurthy, 2008). Characterized by the creation and interaction with content, users take part and collaborate through virtual communities and social media tools which help easy sharing of information and ideas. Examples of social technologies used to create social media include those from communication (such as Blogs), collaboration (such as Wikis), communities (such as Facebook), reviews and opinion (such as Amazon reader review) and multimedia (such as YouTube). On the web, social networks are contained versions of blog network which are spreading out in different directions. To join a social network, users normally create a profile and then build a network by connecting to friends and contacts in the network, or by inviting real-world contacts and friends to join the social network (Goodings2010). These communities retain the interest of their members by being useful to them and providing services that are entertaining or help them to expand their networks (Booth, 2008). Such networks provide an extremely suitable space to instantly share multimedia information between individuals and their neighbours in the social graph. Social networks provide a powerful reflection of the structure and dynamics of the society of the 21st century and the interaction of the Internet generation with both technology and other people (Kumar, 2012). Social Media platforms are not new and almost every graphic designer is reasonably aware of it uses, benefits and effects it. It is a complex web and one shared link leads a graphic designer to another. Generally, individuals from all walks of life are engaged in the use of social media. Similarly, graphic designers patronise social media websites and many of them are reasonably fond on one or more of the social networks. However, noticeably, the current developments and challenges in graphic designing show that, social media has turned to be more of a requirement for almost every graphic designer. Currently, industries, institutions, corporate organizations, government and non-governmental organizations are changing their concentration towards social media for its ability to publicise and promote their interests and activities. With this development, the graphic design industry is no exclusion of this new development as most graphic designers employ the services of social media in one way or the other. By using social media, graphic designers share their views and their designing work and provide useful feedback to each other. Every new development in technology has its own advantages and disadvantages. Social media has its peculiar advantages and disadvantages just as every other technology available to the public for use. Generally, an innovation can either lead to advancement or destruction. Social media has an infinite benefit for graphic designers, however at the same time; it can demonstrate to be having extremely unfortunate or dire consequences. With abundance of internet connectivity and its low cost availability, social media has become the most inexpensive of all promotional media. Also, social media provide the designers an opportunity to learn from fellow designers and put that learned thing into their practice. In spite of the fact that social media provides enormous benefits to graphic designers, its overindulgence is bad. Likewise, too much indulgence in the social media websites may render most designers unproductive and redundant because designers often forget their basic work and go off-the-track from their main purpose and functional duties. It is of this backdrop that this article seeks to find the impact of social media on graphic designers; tailored to unravel the associated benefits and disadvantages derived from the use of social network platforms. This article presents an equilibrated analysis of social media and its impacts on graphic designers. Materials and Methods This is a qualitative research which seeks to investigate the impact of social media on graphic designers in Ghana. Observations and in-depth interviews were used to examine designers participation in online social media networks and its impact as they discharge their functional duties and responsibilities in their respective organizations. The sample frame of this research was drawn from all advertising companies, printing houses, printing presses and marketing companies in the Kumasi metropolis. This was because most of the graphic designers work with these companies and discharge similar or almost the same duties.

David Lachapelle Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio

The work of David LaChapelle can be seen everywhere you turn, be it on a magazine rack, album cover, advertisement, or even a music video. Dubbed the "New Surrealist", LaChapelle's vivid, colorful, bizarre, and humorous images have been admired by millions and have made him one of the most famous photographers alive today. Since the start of his professional career, LaChapelle's work has attracted the attention of many other artists, celebrities, journalists, and regular people. I first noticed his work on advertisements in magazines several years ago. I immediately felt drawn to his images- they are photographs I could stare at for hours, playing out in my head the story each photograph is telling and what it says about the character of the individual he is portraying. I am amazed at how he is able to pick up certain quirks in his subject's personality and build entire scenes around the unusual parts of their character. Each piece of work he creates is anything but mundane- even his simpler images tell a story. Born in Connecticut in 1969, David LaChapelle learned to love the art of photography at an early age. He grew up observing his mother, a non-professional photographer with a flair for appropriating a fantasy life onto film, whose influence can still be seen in his work today. He began taking photographs in High School, where he stated his original inspiration was "white-trash culture". Upon graduation, he moved to North Carolina to attend the North Carolina School of Arts, where he trained as a fine artist. A short time later at age nineteen, David LaChapelle made the decision to move to New York's Lower East Side and enrolled in both the Arts Student League and the School of Visual Arts. Although he was receiv... ...how in Las Vegas. The show has received many four-star reviews, including one from Rolling Stone magazine, which states "David LaChapelle fashioned a dizzying sexy, emotional spectacle that both parodied expectations about Vegas glitz and put new life and meaning into fifteen of John's strongest songs". With all of these achievements, it's easy to see why David LaChapelle has captured the attention of millions, including his own favorite photographer, Helmut Newton. He has essentially started a new genre of photography, and his work has become an inspiration for many up and coming photographers, including Michael Anthony, Frizzy Cube, and more. It's hard to believe that David LaChapelle could get any more amazing. The world can only expect more amazing things from this talented artist in years to come, and I think it's an honor to do my paper on this living-legend.